Estimating the optimal sampling rate using wavelet transform: an application to optimal turbulence

Sampling rate and frequency content determination for optical quantities related to light propagation through turbulence are paramount experimental topics. Some papers about estimating properties of the optical turbulence seem to use ad hoc assumptions to set the sampling frequency used; this chosen sampling rate is assumed good enough to perform a proper measurement. On the other hand, other authors estimate the optimal sampling rate via fast Fourier transform of data series associated to the experiment. When possible, with the help of analytical models, cut-off frequencies, or frequency content, can be determined; yet, these approaches require prior knowledge of the optical turbulence. The aim of this paper is to propose an alternative, practical, experimental method to estimate a proper sampling rate. By means of the discrete wavelet transform, this approach can prevent any loss of information and, at the same time, avoid oversampling. Moreover, it is independent of the statistical model imposed on the turbulence.Fil: Funes, Gustavo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Opticas (i); ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Angel. Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso; Chile. Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa María; ChileFil: Peréz, Darío G.. Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso; ChileFil: Zunino, Luciano José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Opticas (i); ArgentinaFil: Serrano, Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de San Martín; Argentin

Estimating the optimal sampling rate using wavelet transform: an application to optimal turbulence

Sampling rate and frequency content determination for optical quantities related to light propagation through turbulence are paramount experimental topics. Some papers about estimating properties of the optical turbulence seem to use ad hoc assumptions to set the sampling frequency used; this chosen sampling rate is assumed good enough to perform a proper measurement. On the other hand, other authors estimate the optimal sampling rate via fast Fourier transform of data series associated to the experiment. When possible, with the help of analytical models, cut-off frequencies, or frequency content, can be determined; yet, these approaches require prior knowledge of the optical turbulence. The aim of this paper is to propose an alternative, practical, experimental method to estimate a proper sampling rate. By means of the discrete wavelet transform, this approach can prevent any loss of information and, at the same time, avoid oversampling. Moreover, it is independent of the statistical model imposed on the turbulence.Centro de Investigaciones Óptica

Apple (Malus domestica) and pear (Pyrus communis) yield prediction after tree image analysis

Yield forecasting depends on accurate tree fruit counts and mean size estimation. This information is generally obtained manually, requiring many hours of work. Artificial vision emerges as an interesting alternative to obtaining more information in less time. This study aimed to test and train YOLO pre-trained models based on neural networks for the detection and count of pears and apples on trees after image analysis; while also estimating fruit size. Images of trees were taken during the day and at night in apple and pear trees while fruits were manually counted. Trained models were evaluated according to recall, precision and F1score. The correlation between detected and counted fruits was calculated while fruit size estimation was made after drawing straight lines on each fruit and using reference elements. The precision, recall and F1score achieved by the models were up to 0.86, 0.83 and 0.84, respectively. Correlation coefficients between fruit sizes measured manually and by images were 0.73 for apples and 0.80 for pears. The proposed methodologies showed promising results, allowing forecasters to make less time consuming and accurate estimates compared to manual measurements. Highlights The number of fruits in apple and pear trees, could be estimated from images with promising results. The possibility of estimating the fruit numbers from images could reduce the time spent on this task, and above all, the costs. This allow growers to increase the number of trees sampled to make yield forecasts.Yield forecasting depends on accurate tree fruit counts and mean size estimation. This information is generally obtained manually, requiring many hours of work. Artificial vision emerges as an interesting alternative to obtaining more information in less time. This study aimed to test and train YOLO pre-trained models based on neural networks for the detection and count of pears and apples on trees after image analysis; while also estimating fruit size. Images of trees were taken during the day and at night in apple and pear trees while fruits were manually counted. Trained models were evaluated according to recall, precision and F1score. The correlation between detected and counted fruits was calculated while fruit size estimation was made after drawing straight lines on each fruit and using reference elements. The precision, recall and F1score achieved by the models were up to 0.86, 0.83 and 0.84, respectively. Correlation coefficients between fruit sizes measured manually and by images were 0.73 for apples and 0.80 for pears. The proposed methodologies showed promising results, allowing forecasters to make less time consuming and accurate estimates compared to manual measurements. Highlights The number of fruits in apple and pear trees, could be estimated from images with promising results. The possibility of estimating the fruit numbers from images could reduce the time spent on this task, and above all, the costs. This allow growers to increase the number of trees sampled to make yield forecasts

Estimación del tamaño de manzanas mediante análisis de imágenes digitales para pronósticos de producción

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar una metodología de medición del ta-maño de manzanas a partir de imágenes RGB, como alternativa a la medición manual.Sociedad Argentina de Informática e Investigación Operativ

Estimación del tamaño de manzanas mediante análisis de imágenes digitales para pronósticos de producción

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar una metodología de medición del ta-maño de manzanas a partir de imágenes RGB, como alternativa a la medición manual.Sociedad Argentina de Informática e Investigación Operativ

Characterization of bovine permanent incisors

El objetivo del trabajo fue caracterizar los incisivos permanentes centrales de dos grupos de bovinos definidos según raza y ambiente. Se utilizaron ocho dientes de bovinos criollos patagónicos criados en la provincia de Buenos Aires (GCP) y siete de animales cruza índica oriundos de la provincia de Santa Fe (GCI), sobre los que se midieron: la dureza de la dentina (DD) a tres profundidades (D1), (D2) y (D3), la dureza media del esmalte (DME), la dureza media de la dentina (DMD), el ancho del diente (AD), el espesor central del esmalte (ECE) y la rugosidad del esmalte (RU). Para evaluar DD se empleó ANOVA y regresión aleatoria mediante modelos mixtos. Para el estudio de asociaciones y agrupamientos entre variables se utilizaron los análisis de correlación lineal, de componentes principales y la técnica de árboles de clasificación. La DD se incrementó con la profundidad y fue mayor en GCP. No se encontraron diferencias entre grupos en ECE y AD. La RU resultó menor en GCP, donde se asoció de manera positiva con ECE y DMD, a diferencia del GCI en el cual se encontraron correlaciones negativas de DME con ECE y DMD. La variable con mayor poder de discriminación entre grupos resultó RU. La DD aumenta con la profundidad. El GCP mostró mayor DD y menor RU. Los grupos manifestaron diferentes asociaciones entre variables y RU fue quien mejor los discriminó. Se plantea la necesidad de avanzar en el estudio del determinismo genético de las características evaluadas.The objective of this work was to characterize central permanent incisors from two groups of cattle defined according to breed and environment. Eight teeth from Patagonian native cattle raised in the province of Buenos Aires (GCP) and seven from indicus cross (GCI) native of the province of Santa Fe were used, on which measurement variables were: dentin hardness (DH) on three depths (D1), (D2) and (D3), average hardness of enamel (AEH), average dentin hardness (ADH), tooth width (TW), central enamel thickness (CET) and enamel roughness (ER). To evaluate DH ANOVA and random regression were used through mixed models. Linear correlation analysis, principal components analysis and the classification trees technique were used for the study of associations and groupings among variables. DH increased with depth and was higher in GCP. Differences between groups were not found on CET and TW. ER resulted to be lower in GCP, where it was associated in a positive way with CET and MDH, unlike GCI in which negative correlations of MDH were found with CET and ADH. ER was the variable with higher discrimination power between groups. DD increases with depth. GCP proved to have higher DH and lower ER. Groups manifested different associations among variables and ER was the one that best discriminated them. This raises the need to advance the study of genetic determinism of evaluated characteristics.Universidad Nacional de Lomas de ZamoraFacultad de Odontologí

Estimación del tamaño de manzanas mediante análisis de imágenes digitales para pronósticos de producción

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar una metodología de medición del ta-maño de manzanas a partir de imágenes RGB, como alternativa a la medición manual.Sociedad Argentina de Informática e Investigación Operativ

Método de valoración de contingencia y servicios turístico-ambientales en la reserva de recursos manejados Ybytyruzú

In the last decade, the search by urban populations for leisure and recreation areas that offer environmental goods and services has increased. This increase, given a relatively fixed supply of natural resources, allows the possibility of tourist exploitation and, at the same time, the economic preservation of resources as an alternative to certain extractive-type activities. This article intends to evaluate, through the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), the Willingness to Pay (WTP) of the potential consumers of environmental goods and services of the Ybytyruzú Managed Resources Reserve (RRMY) of the Department of Guairá of Paraguay as an economical alternative. This work is part of a study with several methodological approaches whose results are presented in a series of articles published in successive stages. This publication focuses on the presentation of the results of a survey applied to potential visitors, nationals and foreigners. The information collected and analyzed indicates the willingness to pay for the long-term maintenance and sustainability of the area's natural resources. In this way, another means of payment for environmental services is proposed as an alternative to the regime managed by the environmental governance of Paraguay.En la última década aumentó la búsqueda, por parte de las poblaciones urbanas, de zonas de esparcimiento y recreación que ofrezcan bienes y servicios ambientales. Este incremento, ante una oferta relativamente fija de recursos naturales, permite la posibilidad de la explotación turística y, al mismo tiempo, la preservación económica de los recursos como una alternativa a ciertas actividades del tipo extractiva. El presente artículo pretende evaluar, mediante el Método de Valoración de Contingencia (MVC), la Disponibilidad a Pagar (DAP) de los potenciales consumidores de bienes y servicios ambientales de la Reserva de Recursos Manejados Ybytyruzú (RRMY) del Departamento de Guairá del Paraguay como una alternativa económica. Este trabajo forma parte de un estudio con diversos abordajes metodológicos cuyos resultados se exponen en una serie de artículos publicados en etapas sucesivas. La presente publicación se centra en la exposición de los resultados de una encuesta aplicada a potenciales visitantes, nacionales como extranjeros. Las informaciones recabadas y analizadas indican la predisposición a pagar por el mantenimiento y la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de los recursos naturales de la zona. De esta manera, se propone otra vía de pago por servicios ambientales como alternativa al régimen gestionado por la gobernanza ambiental del Paraguay

Petrology and geochemistry of meta-ultramafic rocks in the Paleozoic Granjeno Schist, northeastern Mexico: Remnants of Pangaea ocean floor

Abstract: The Granjeno Schist is a meta-volcanosedimentary upper Paleozoic complex in northeastern Mexico. We suggest different tectonic settings for metamorphism of its serpentinite and talc-bearing rocks based on petrographic and geochemical compositions. According to the REE ratios (LaN/YbN = 0.51–20.0 and LaN/SmN = 0.72–9.1) and the enrichment in the highly incompatible elements Cs (0.1 ppm), U (2.8 ppm), and Zr (60 ppm) as well as depletion in Ba (1 – 15 ppm), Sr (1–184ppm),Pb(0.1–14ppm),andCe(0.1–1.9ppm)the rocks have mid-ocean ridge and subduction zones characteristics.TheserpentinitecontainsAl-chromite,ferrian chromiteandmagnetite.TheAl-chromiteischaracterized byCr#of0.48to0.55suggestingaMORBorigin,andCr#of 0.93 to 1.00 for the ferrian chromite indicates a prograde metamorphism.Weproposeatleasttwoserpentinization stagesoflithosphericmantlefortheultramaficrockofthe GranjenoSchist,(1)afirstinanocean-floorenvironment atsub-greenschisttogreenschistfaciesconditionsand(2) later a serpentinization phase related to the progressive replacement of spinel by ferrian chromite and magnetite atgreenschisttolowamphibolitefaciesconditionsduring regional metamorphism. The second serpentinization phase took place in an active continental margin during the Pennsylvanian. We propose that the origin of the ultramaficrocksisrelated toanobductionandaccretional eventatthewesternmarginofPangea. Keywords: ultramafic rocks; serpentinite; Granjeno Schist;northeasternMexico,Gondwana,Pange

Mannose-modified hyaluronic acid nanocapsules for the targeting of tumor-associated macrophages

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), a class of immune cells that play a key role in tumor immunosuppression, are recognized as important targets to improve cancer prognosis and treatment. Consequently, the engineering of drug delivery nanocarriers that can reach TAMs has acquired special relevance. This work describes the development and biological evaluation of a panel of hyaluronic acid (HA) nanocapsules (NCs), with different compositions and prepared by different techniques, designed to target macrophages. The results showed that plain HA NCs did not significantly influence the polarization of M0 and M2-like macrophages towards an M1-like pro-inflammatory phenotype; however, the chemical functionalization of HA with mannose (HA-Man) led to a significant increase of NCs uptake by M2 macrophages in vitro and to an improved biodistribution in a MN/MNCA1 fibrosarcoma mouse model with high infiltration of TAMs. These functionalized HA-Man NCs showed a higher accumulation in the tumor compared to non-modified HA NCs. Finally, the pre-administration of the liposomal liver occupying agent Nanoprimer™ further increased the accumulation of the HA-Man NCs in the tumor. This work highlights the promise shown by the HA-Man NCs to target TAMs and thus provides new options for the development of nanomedicine and immunotherapy-based cancer treatmentsOpen Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work was supported by the 2^2-INTRATARGET project (A20/00028) funded by the ISCIII under the umbrella of the ERA NET EuroNanoMed GA N 723770 of the EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme. This work was also supported by the Xunta de Galicia (ED431C 2018/30, and “Centro singular de investigación de Galicia” accreditation 2019 − 2022, ED431G2019/03), and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund-ERDF)S